An appropriate fraction of a second phase for controlling the dynamic grain growth of the fine-grained microstructure during hot deformation can be easily achieved for the high and ultrahigh carbon steels as well as the duplex stainless steels (dual-phase ferritic-austenitic steels), which leads to good superplastic forming behaviors. However, the austenitic stainless steels are typically single-phase alloys at elevated temperatures, which might limit their tensile ductility, and hence, inducing superplastic ductility in these ferrous alloys needs special considerations. In the present review article, firstly, the methods for the grain refinement of austenitic stainless steels are summarized, which includes the formation of deformation-induced martensite during cold deformation and its reversion to austenite at elevated temperatures, severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques, and thermomechanical processing routes that utilize the dynamic recrystallization (DRX). These methods are used to process fine-grained microstructures that are suitable for activating the grain boundary sliding (GBS) with strain rate sensitivity index (m) of ~0.5 at elevated temperatures. Afterward, the reported works on the superplasticity of austenitic stainless steels are critically discussed. It is revealed that the methods such as nitrogen addition, incorporating the carbonitride forming elements such as vanadium, increasing the carbon content of the material for the formation of carbides, and the incomplete reversion treatment for the retention of a small volume fraction of martensite can be used to increase the thermal stability of the ultrafine grained (UFG) microstructure against grain coarsening during superplastic deformation. Finally, some distinct suggestions for future works are introduced.

In the TIG-MIG hybrid welding, higher weld efficiency and better weld quality are obtained with respect to each individual TIG and MIG welding methods. Moreover, in this method, the MIG arc is more stable in pure argon shielding gas. Therefore, in this study, the influence of TIG-MIG hybrid welding parameters on the welds appearance quality and welds depth to width ratio of a 316L austenitic stainless steel was investigated using optimum parameters of Taguchi design of experiments (DOE). Microstructure of the heat affected zone (HAZ) obtained from the hybrid welding was compared with those of each individual MIG and TIG welding techniques under equal heat-input condition. The results indicated that the most important parameter in the hybrid method to obtain the best appearance quality and the highest depth to width ratio is the distance between the two arcs. The MIG and TIG currents are the next influencing parameters. The width of HAZ and the size of constituent grains in hybrid welding with optimum parameter, were smaller than those of each individual TIG and MIG processes due to the higher associated cooling rate in the hybrid welding technique.

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of compounds as corrosion inhibitors for stainless steel in hydrochloric acid solution using gravimetric technique and electrochemical measurements. Stainless steel is resistant to corrosion and rust due to its chromium content, which reacts with oxygen in the air to form a protective coating. Passivation is the process of creating a thin layer of chrome oxide when exposed to oxygen, preventing rust. In this investigation, corrosion inhibitors made from benzoic acid derivatives were applied to 316 stainless steel in a 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution. The outermost parts of the investigated stainless steel samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The study also assessed the fundamental properties of the studied inhibitors using the dynamic molecular simulation method. The best inhibitor concentration for C3 at 291 K was 1.0 102 M, resulting in the highest inhibition efficiency (88%).In light of the concentrations of the antagonists under research and the impact of ambient the temperature, the current research investigates the efficacy of inhibition. The best inhibitor concentration for C3 at 291 K was 1.0 102 M, and this resulted in the highest inhibition efficiency (88%).

Friction stir welding (FSW) was conducted on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel plate with 2 mm thickness. The FSW was performed at a welding and rotational speeds of 50 mm/min and 400 rpm, respectively. Microstructure observations by the optical microscopy showed that a severe grain refinement occurred in the stir zone (SZ). Electron backscattered diffraction analysis (EBSD) results indicated that high fraction of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) developed in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) through the occurrence of the dynamic recovery. Moreover, in the path from the TMAZ towards the SZ, the fraction of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) increased with decreasing the fraction of LAGBs through the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). 100 Pole figure showed the formation of shear texture components of A*1 and A*2 in the SZ which implied the occurrence of CDRX mechanism.

In this paper microstructure, phase formation and Vickers hardness profile of the hardfaced layer, Co-based alloys (Stellite-6) filler metal on 410 martensitic stainless steel specimens with 309 austenitic stainless steel interlayer were investigated. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) cladding was carried out for deposition. The specimens were investigated by an X-ray diffractometer, energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and hardness test. According to the analyzed results, the microstructure of the clad layer consists of eutectic structure, and undissolved carbides dispersed in the matrix of the Co-based alloy with dendritic structure. The dendrites have epitaxial growth. Diffusion of carbon from the liquid Stellite to the austenitic stainless steel took place along grain boundaries resulting in the formation of chromium carbide “arms” that penetrated along the austenite grain boundaries in the interfacial region. The dilution of the clad layer by Fe from the substrate decreases hardness, wear and corrosion resistance. The interlayer resulted in a decrease in the dilution of Fe and increase in hardness.

With regard to the industry demand for welding dissimilar metals, which are not possible to be welded by conventional welding, friction welding process can be a proper approach. In this study, friction welding of two stainless steels, martensitic 410 to austenitic 304, with variable parameters of friction time (40, 50, and 40 s), friction force (90, 100, and 120 kN), and forging force (130, 150, and 180 kN), under the constant rotating speed (850 RPM) and forge time (60 s) was investigated. Microscopic characterization using optical and scanning electron microscopes, and elemental analysis using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were carried out on the welds. Soundness of the weld joints was evaluated, using tensile and microhardness tests. Fracture surfaces of the tensile specimens were examined as well. The structure of the welded samples composed of acicular and rough martensite and elongated grains adjacent to 410 and 304 stainless steels, respectively. Tempering heat treatment locally caused converting rough martensite to lath martensite. The results showed that the tensile strength of the samples was in the range of 400-520 MPa, and the fractography revealed the occurrence of a brittle fracture. Microhardness measurement revealed that the highest hardness value was obtained in 410 stainless steel, at the heat-affected zone close to the interface. An appropriate friction weld joint with a tensile strength of 751 MPa was obtained after heat treatment of the weld location, and with the aid of selecting optimal parameters of 50 s friction time, 120 kN friction force, and 180 kN forging force.

In this study, the mechanical properties of dissimilar welding of Super duplex stainless steel UNS 32750 to austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L by gas tungsten arc welding process with direct current electrode negative polarity was investigated. For this purpose, two filler metals including ER25104L and ER309LMo were used. In order to achieve suitable structure and excellent mechanical properties in the mentioned joints, controlling of the heat input and pre heating were among the effective and controllable parameters. Microstructures of the weld metals, were evaluated using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze fracture surface. In addition, the mechanical properties including the bend test, ultimate strength, impact resistance and hardness were investigated. All the specimen underwent ductile fracture in HAZ in the tension test. The maximum fracture energy related to the ER 25104L the welded specimen. The maximum and minimum hardness corresponded to the ER 25104L and ER 309LMo, respectively. Finally, it was seen that for the joints, between the super duplex stainless steel UNS 32750 to austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L, the ER 251 04L filler provided the optimum qualities.

In this study, the microstructure of dissimilar welding of super duplex stainless steel UNS 32750 to austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L was investigated. For this purpose, gas tungsten arc welding process (DCEN) and two filler metals including ER25104L and ER309LMo were used. The microstructure of the different zone in each joint, including weld metals, heat affected zone, interface were evaluated using optical microscopy was investigated. The investigations showed that austenitic and ferritic structure such as dendrite, weld metal 25104L, with secondary Austenite, 309LMo weld metal was observed as the primary ferrite with austenitic matrix. In addition microstructure was seen as skeleton ferrite morphology. The interface of 304L austenitic stainless steel by two filler metals with epitaxial growth and interface of super duplex UNS 32750 Was seen high ferrite content.

In this research, dissimilar welding of NiTi shape memory alloy to AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel Archwires was investigated. For this purpose, common straight orthodontic archwire with rectangular cross-section and dimensions of (0. 635 × 0. 432 mm) were selected and the laser welding technique was used to connect the wires. The microstructure, chemical composition and phasesin the weld zone of the joints werestudied with Optical microscopy (OM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS analysis system, focused X-ray diffraction (Micro-XRD). Also, the mechanical properties of the weld zone were investigated by using Vickers microhardness test. Microstructure investigation showed that the obtained microstructure from the laser weld of these alloys has a dendritic and nonhomogeneous structure. According to XRD analysis, brittle intermetallic compounds such as Fe2Ti, Cr2Ti, TiNi3, and Ti2Ni wereformed during laser welding in the weld zone. Formation of these brittle intermetallics caused increasing the hardness of the weld zoneabout 800 HV. and decreasing the mechanical properties. Also, Fe2Ti intermetallic particles mainly formed in the weld region near the NiTi fusion zone which results in stress concentration, micro-cracks formation and dropping joints mechanical properties. Therefore, a suitable modification process is required to control the chemical composition of the weld zone and improving the joint properties of dissimilar laser welded archwires of these alloys.

Dynamic Recrystallization (DRX) is one of the likely mechanisms for fine-graining in metals and alloys. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) phenomena occurs in different thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) conditions for various metallic materials. DRX depends on various materials and thermo-mechanical parameters such as temperature, strain rate, strain, stress and initial microstructure. in the present study, the restoration mechanism of the 17-7PH stainless steel has been investigated using a hot compression test under different conditions of thermo-mechanical treatment. The microstructural characteristics and the behavior of the hot deformation of the under study steel are investigated using flow curves and microstructure images obtained from optical microscopy. The results show that the maximum and steady state stresses are significantly affected by the strain rate and the deformation temperature. So that, the flow stress increases with decrease in the deformation temperature and increase in the strain rate. Microstructural studies confirm the occurrence of DRX as a restoration mechanism in the microstructure for the two phases of austenite and ferrite.